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A directory is a hierarchical structure that stores information about objects on the network. Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS), stores information about objects on the network like user accounts, such as names, passwords, phone numbers, and so on, and enables other authorized users on the same network to access this information. Active Directory uses a structured data store as the basis for a logical, hierarchical organization of directory information.
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Microsoft Exchange Online is a hosted messaging solution that delivers the capabilities of Microsoft Exchange Server as a cloud-based service. It gives users access to email, calendar, contacts, and tasks from PCs, the web, and mobile devices. It integrates fully with Active Directory, enabling administrators to use group policies, as well as other administration tools, to manage Exchange Online features across their environment
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Powershell
A comprehensive command line interface and scripting language for Windows. Introduced in 2006, PowerShell is a major upgrade from the Windows command line, which uses DOS commands. PowerShell supports common programming structures such as "if-then-else" and "while," it is generally less complicated than Microsoft's VBScript and JScript languages.